- Adger argues that multi-level social networks are important for developing social capital as well as resilient communities. They warn that during time of gradual change, important sources of resilience may go unrecognized, which is relevant to the Cascadia earthquake since there hasn’t been a huge earthquake in memory.
- Bouchillon performed a study on college students using Facebook to measure their social capital and civic engagement. He discusses bridging and bonding capital, which is either being exposed to different world views and bridging those gaps, or coming together over a shared quality.
- Davidson applies the biological theory of resilience to social systems. She argues that the main factor that sets ecological systems apart from social systems is human agency. She draws on Holling’s adaptive theory in identifying three qualities of resilient communities: “(1) The system accumulates resources rather than depleting them over time; (2) it contains destabilizing forces for maintaining diversity, resilience, and opportunity, and stabilizing forces for maintaining productivity and biogeochemical cycles; and (3) there are evolutionary processes that generate novelty, implying a balance between dynamism and persistence.”
- Dussaillant’s article is a study on the Chile earthquake. He examined the levels of social capital pre-earthquake and noted they were low, but argued that disasters build trust and community in people. Lower initial social capital results in less trust-building, but the trust that has been built tends to last a long time.
- This study found that non-profit organizations played an important role in disaster relief, and actually provided a wide variety of services for people throughout the recovery stages since they were already established in the community. It also discusses the importance of integrating these two realms for a more seamless response.
- Glanville et al. performed a longitudinal study of how informal social interactions create generalized trust. These findings were in person, but they controlled for various outside factors and still found that repeated positive outside exposure increases trust in that specific demographic/community.
- This survival guide urges residents to get to know their neighbors. It includes an interview with Portland Bureau of Emergency Management Carmen Melo, who compares Portland to Christchurch and provides a bridge for me to talk about parallels between the two.
- Haynes et al. found that people tend to trust family and friends first and foremost for risk communications. After friends and family, the public trusted scientists more than government/authorities for reliable information. This article has helpful definitions of trust in relation to natural disasters.
- This article, about the Christchurch earthquake, is interesting to read especially after Carmen Melo compared Cascadia to the Christchurch quake since there are similarities between PDX and CHCH. The most important section of this resource is the mention of the Student Volunteer Army because it relates to the idea of Lewis & Clark students playing an important neighborhood role.
- Lo and Cheung look at how pre-existing social capital helps communities recover faster from natural disasters. They encourage the enforcement of social networks, but also emphasize the importance of trust for resilient communities to form. They write about the benefits of neighbor proximity, and are proponents of built features that promote neighbor mixing/socializing.
- LaLone uses a case study of Appalachian tornadoes to argue that community resilience to natural disasters needs to give more consideration to local-level responses. It includes a review of some natural disaster response literature that includes the use of social capital, and what kinds of labor were available in the weeks after the tornado. She observed that the types of organizations drawn on during disaster response had to modify their missions in order to serve as many people as possible.
- Matthews performed a study on a neighborhood in Scottland and found that certain neighborhood activities helped increase the amount of neighborhood engagement. However, he also found that it was difficult to quickly build a sense of community, and often it took an elongated amount of time for it to really last. Ultimately he found that social networks online roughly translated to social networks offline, and people’s behaviors were similar.
- This is a study about if third cultures can be formed in virtual communities. Support, shared cultural beliefs, and intercultural empathy and mindfulness were important qualities for building these virtual third places. They suggest that social capital is important in building cultural capital online.
- Oldenburg’s book is a framework for my entire thesis, and provides the important term “third space.” Although he focuses mostly on brick and mortar third places, it is an interesting comparison to virtual third places. His eight qualities of third places are neutral ground, leveler, conversation as main activity, accessibility and accommodation, the regulars, a low profile, the mood is playful, a home away from home.
- This article is a study on how the Lyttelton Timebank functioned after the Christchurch earthquake. It lists different response mechanisms, diagrams which organizations the Lyttelton Timebank was associated with or got access to, and how the Lyttelton timebank helped connect people post-quake.
- This article discusses the asymmetry principle of trust: it is hard to build trust but easy to lose it. It discusses risk and trust in the context of genetically modified foods in Britain. This could be important to relate to my survey, in which people noted their least favorite parts of Nextdoor, some of which were posts with inaccurate information.
- Solnit’s book provides case studies of several different disasters resulting in utopian societies. This supports the claim that neighbors help neighbors after disasters strike. She also discusses the use of social capital in these situations, claiming that social capital increased after earthquakes because the usual hierarchies of society were gone.
Song, Felicia Wu. Virtual Communities : Bowling Alone, Online Together. Digital Formations ; v. 54. New York: Peter Lang, 2009.
- This book deals with virtual communities and explores themes of autonomy and control, marketing virtual communities, an alternative framework for understanding virtual communities, and looking forward towards how virtual communities can help facilitate democracies.
Steinkuehler, Constance A., and Dmitri Williams. 2006. “Where Everybody Knows Your (Screen) Name: Online Games as ‘Third Places.’” Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 11 (4): 885–909. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2006.00300.x.
- This article was very important to my thesis’s direction. Steinkuehler et al. apply Oldenburg’s idea of third place to an online gaming community. Their findings, based off of Oldenburg’s eight aspects of third place, ultimately find that this gaming community embodied a third place even though it was virtual.
Wakelin, Kate, and Annette F. Street. “An Online Expressive Writing Group for People Affected by Cancer: A Virtual Third Place.” Australian Social Work 68, no. 2 (2015): 198-211.
- This article explores the idea of a virtual third place in the context of a cancer support group. It promotes the use of technology for extending emotional and social care, which could help relate to the community-building aspects of Nextdoor.
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