- Alavanja, Michael C.R., Jane A. Hoppin, and Freya Kamel. 2004. “Health Effects of Chronic Pesticide Exposure: Cancer and Neurotoxicity”Annual Review of Public Health 25 (1): 155–97.
- Bormann, F. Herbert, Diana Balmori, and Gordon T. Geballe. 1993. Redesigning the American Lawn : A Search for Environmental Harmony. New Haven: Yale University Press.
- Bartlett, Dana W. 1907. The Better City; a Sociological Study of a Modern City. Los Angeles: Neuner CoPress.
- Carson, Rachel. 1962. Silent Spring. New York: Houghton Mifflin.
- City of Portland, Oregon. Bureau of Planning. 1991. “Portland Zoning Code.”
- City of Portland, Oregon. Bureau of Planning and Sustainability. 2011. “Portland Plant List.”
- Engeman, Richard H. 1969. “‘… and so Made Town and Country One’: The Streetcar and the Building of Portland, Oregon, 1872-1920.”Thesis, Reed College.
- Garden Club of America. 1921. Bulletin of the Garden Club of America 8.
- Garden Club of America. 1921. Bulletin of the Garden Club of America 10.
- Jenkins, Virginia Scott. 1994. The Lawn : A History of an American Obsession. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
- Jackson, Kenneth T. 1985. Crabgrass Frontier : The Suburbanization of the United States. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Keefe, Lloyd T. 1975. History of Zoning in Portland, 1918 to 1959.
- Keesling, Garland, and Shohreh A. Kaynama. 2003. “An Exploratory Investigation of the Ecologically Conscious Consumer’s Efforts to Control Water Contamination: Lawn Care and the Use of Nitrogen Fertilizers and Pesticides.”Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice 11 (1): 52–61.
- Milesi, Cristina, Steven W. Running, Christopher D. Elvidge, John B. Dietz, Benjamin T. Tuttle, and Ramakrishna R. Nemani. 2005. “Mapping and Modeling the Biogeochemical Cycling of Turf Grasses in the United States.”Environmental Management 36 (3): 426–38.
- Robbins, Paul. 2007. Lawn People: How Grasses, Weeds, and Chemicals Make Us Who We Are. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
- Robbins, Paul, and Julie Sharp. 2003. “The Lawn-Chemical Economy and Its Discontents.”Antipode 35 (5): 955–79.
- Robbins, Paul, and Julie T. Sharp. 2003. “Producing and Consuming Chemicals: The Moral Economy of the American Lawn.”Economic Geography 79 (4): 425–51.
- Sethajintanin, D., E. R. Johnson, B. R. Loper, and K. A. Anderson. 2004. “Bioaccumulation Profiles of Chemical Contaminants in Fish from the Lower Willamette.”
- Steinberg,Theodore. 2006. American Green : The Obsessive Quest for the Perfect Lawn. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
- Swift & Co, ad. 1933. Better Homes and Gardens, 53.
- River, Portland Harbor, Oregon.”Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 46 (1): 114–23.
- United States Fish & Wildlife Services. 2011. “Migratory Bird Mortality.”
- United States Environmental Protection Agency.Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention. Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage: 2006 and 2007 Market Estimates. By Arthur Grube, David Donaldson, Timothy Kiely, and La Wu. EPA 733-R-11-001.
- Weidenmann, Jacob. 1870. Beautifying Country Homes. A Handbook of Landscape Gardening. Illustrated by Plans of Places Already Improved. New York: OJudd.
- Zacharia, James Tano. 2011. “Ecological Effects of Pesticides.”In Pesticides in the Modern World—Risks and Benefits, edited by Dr. Margarita Stoytcheva, 129-41. Intech.